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# Sentence Case
<table>
<tr><td><b>Module</b></td><td><tt>getreuer/sentence_case</tt></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Version</b></td><td>2025-03-07</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Maintainer</b></td><td>Pascal Getreuer (@getreuer)</td></tr>
<tr><td><b>License</b></td><td><a href="../LICENSE.txt">Apache 2.0</a></td></tr>
<tr><td><b>Documentation</b></td><td>
<a href="https://getreuer.info/posts/keyboards/sentence-case">https://getreuer.info/posts/keyboards/sentence-case</a>
</td></tr>
</table>
This is a community module adaptation of [Sentence
Case](https://getreuer.info/posts/keyboards/sentence-case) to automatically
capitalize the first letter of sentences. This reduces how often you need to use
the Shift keys, which is convenient particularly if you use home row mods or
Auto Shift.
Add the following to your `keymap.json`:
```json
{
"modules": ["getreuer/sentence_case"]
}
```
NOTE: One-shot keys must be enabled.
Then, simply type as usual but without shifting at the start of sentences. The
feature detects when new sentences begin and capitalizes automatically.
In detecting new sentences, Sentence Case matches patterns like
"a. a"
"a. a"
"a? a"
"a!' 'a"
but not
"a... a"
"a.a. a"
Additionally by default, abbreviations "`vs.`" and "`etc.`" are exceptionally
detected as not real sentence endings.
Sentence Case is on by default. The following keycodes change its status. Use
function `is_sentence_case_on()` to query its status.
| Keycode | Description |
|------------------------|---------------------------|
| `SENTENCE_CASE_ON` | Turn Sentence Case on. |
| `SENTENCE_CASE_OFF` | Turn Sentence Case off. |
| `SENTENCE_CASE_TOGGLE` | Toggle Sentence Case. |
Optionally, you can use the callback `sentence_case_check_ending()` to define
other exceptions, and there are callbacks and config options to customize
Sentence Case. See the [Sentence Case
documentation](https://getreuer.info/posts/keyboards/sentence-case) for details.

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// Copyright 2025 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
#pragma once
#include "sentence_case.h"

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{
"module_name": "Sentence Case",
"maintainer": "getreuer",
"keycodes": [
{"key": "SENTENCE_CASE_ON"},
{"key": "SENTENCE_CASE_OFF"},
{"key": "SENTENCE_CASE_TOGGLE"}
]
}

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// Copyright 2022-2025 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
/**
* @file sentence_case.c
* @brief Sentence Case community module implementation
*
* For full documentation, see
* <https://getreuer.info/posts/keyboards/sentence-case>
*/
#include "sentence_case.h"
#include <string.h>
#if defined(NO_ACTION_ONESHOT)
// One-shot keys must be enabled for Sentence Case. One-shot keys are enabled
// by default, but are disabled by `#define NO_ACTION_ONESHOT` in config.h. If
// your config.h includes such a line, please remove it.
#error "sentence_case: Please enable oneshot."
#else
ASSERT_COMMUNITY_MODULES_MIN_API_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
// Default to a timeout of 5 seconds.
#ifndef SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT
# define SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT 5000
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT
// Number of keys of state history to retain for backspacing.
#define STATE_HISTORY_SIZE 6
// clang-format off
/** States in matching the beginning of a sentence. */
enum {
STATE_INIT, /**< Initial enabled state. */
STATE_WORD, /**< Within a word. */
STATE_ABBREV, /**< Within an abbreviation like "e.g.". */
STATE_ENDING, /**< Sentence ended. */
STATE_PRIMED, /**< "Primed" state, in the space following an ending. */
STATE_DISABLED, /**< Sentence Case is disabled. */
};
// clang-format on
#if SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
static uint16_t idle_timer = 0;
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
static uint16_t key_buffer[SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE] = {0};
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
static uint8_t state_history[STATE_HISTORY_SIZE];
static uint16_t suppress_key = KC_NO;
static uint8_t sentence_state = STATE_INIT;
// Sets the current state to `new_state`.
static void set_sentence_state(uint8_t new_state) {
#if !defined(NO_DEBUG) && defined(SENTENCE_CASE_DEBUG)
if (debug_enable && sentence_state != new_state) {
static const char* state_names[] = {
"INIT", "WORD", "ABBREV", "ENDING", "PRIMED", "DISABLED",
};
dprintf("Sentence case: %s\n", state_names[new_state]);
}
#endif // !NO_DEBUG && SENTENCE_CASE_DEBUG
const bool primed = (new_state == STATE_PRIMED);
if (primed != (sentence_state == STATE_PRIMED)) {
sentence_case_primed(primed);
}
sentence_state = new_state;
}
static void clear_state_history(void) {
#if SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
idle_timer = 0;
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
memset(state_history, STATE_INIT, sizeof(state_history));
if (sentence_state != STATE_DISABLED) {
set_sentence_state(STATE_INIT);
}
}
void sentence_case_clear(void) {
clear_state_history();
suppress_key = KC_NO;
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
memset(key_buffer, 0, sizeof(key_buffer));
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
}
void sentence_case_on(void) {
if (sentence_state == STATE_DISABLED) {
sentence_state = STATE_INIT;
sentence_case_clear();
}
}
void sentence_case_off(void) {
if (sentence_state != STATE_DISABLED) {
set_sentence_state(STATE_DISABLED);
}
}
void sentence_case_toggle(void) {
if (sentence_state != STATE_DISABLED) {
sentence_case_off();
} else {
sentence_case_on();
}
}
bool is_sentence_case_on(void) { return sentence_state != STATE_DISABLED; }
bool is_sentence_case_primed(void) { return sentence_state == STATE_PRIMED; }
#if SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
#if SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT < 100 || SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 30000
// Constrain timeout to a sensible range. With the 16-bit timer, the longest
// representable timeout is 32768 ms, rounded here to 30000 ms = half a minute.
#error "sentence_case: SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT must be between 100 and 30000 ms"
#endif
void housekeeping_task_sentence_case(void) {
if (idle_timer && timer_expired(timer_read(), idle_timer)) {
clear_state_history(); // Timed out; clear all state.
}
}
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
bool process_record_sentence_case(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record) {
// Only process while enabled, and only process press events.
if (sentence_state == STATE_DISABLED || !record->event.pressed) {
return true;
}
#if SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
idle_timer = (record->event.time + SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT) | 1;
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_TIMEOUT > 0
switch (keycode) {
case SENTENCE_CASE_ON:
sentence_case_on();
return false;
case SENTENCE_CASE_OFF:
sentence_case_off();
return false;
case SENTENCE_CASE_TOGGLE:
sentence_case_toggle();
return false;
case KC_LCTL ... KC_RGUI: // Ignore mod keys.
case QK_ONE_SHOT_MOD ... QK_ONE_SHOT_MOD_MAX: // Ignore one-shot mod.
// Ignore MO, TO, TG, TT, OSL, TL layer switch keys.
case QK_MOMENTARY ... QK_MOMENTARY_MAX:
case QK_TO ... QK_TO_MAX:
case QK_TOGGLE_LAYER ... QK_TOGGLE_LAYER_MAX:
case QK_LAYER_TAP_TOGGLE ... QK_LAYER_TAP_TOGGLE_MAX:
case QK_ONE_SHOT_LAYER ... QK_ONE_SHOT_LAYER_MAX: // Ignore one-shot layer.
#ifdef TRI_LAYER_ENABLE // Ignore Tri Layer keys.
case QK_TRI_LAYER_LOWER:
case QK_TRI_LAYER_UPPER:
#endif // TRI_LAYER_ENABLE
return true;
#ifndef NO_ACTION_TAPPING
case QK_MOD_TAP ... QK_MOD_TAP_MAX:
if (record->tap.count == 0) {
return true;
}
keycode = QK_MOD_TAP_GET_TAP_KEYCODE(keycode);
break;
#ifndef NO_ACTION_LAYER
case QK_LAYER_TAP ... QK_LAYER_TAP_MAX:
if (record->tap.count == 0) {
return true;
}
keycode = QK_LAYER_TAP_GET_TAP_KEYCODE(keycode);
break;
#endif // NO_ACTION_LAYER
#endif // NO_ACTION_TAPPING
#ifdef SWAP_HANDS_ENABLE
case QK_SWAP_HANDS ... QK_SWAP_HANDS_MAX:
if (IS_SWAP_HANDS_KEYCODE(keycode) || record->tap.count == 0) {
return true;
}
keycode = QK_SWAP_HANDS_GET_TAP_KEYCODE(keycode);
break;
#endif // SWAP_HANDS_ENABLE
}
if (keycode == KC_BSPC) {
// Backspace key pressed. Rewind the state and key buffers.
set_sentence_state(state_history[STATE_HISTORY_SIZE - 1]);
memmove(state_history + 1, state_history, STATE_HISTORY_SIZE - 1);
state_history[0] = STATE_INIT;
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
memmove(key_buffer + 1, key_buffer,
(SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE - 1) * sizeof(uint16_t));
key_buffer[0] = KC_NO;
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
return true;
}
const uint8_t mods = get_mods() | get_weak_mods() | get_oneshot_mods();
uint8_t new_state = STATE_INIT;
// We search for sentence beginnings using a simple finite state machine. It
// matches things like "a. a" and "a. a" but not "a.. a" or "a.a. a". The
// state transition matrix is:
//
// 'a' '.' ' ' '\''
// +-------------------------------------
// INIT | WORD INIT INIT INIT
// WORD | WORD ENDING INIT WORD
// ABBREV | ABBREV ABBREV INIT ABBREV
// ENDING | ABBREV INIT PRIMED ENDING
// PRIMED | match! INIT PRIMED PRIMED
char code = sentence_case_press_user(keycode, record, mods);
#if defined SENTENCE_CASE_DEBUG
dprintf("Sentence Case: code = '%c' (%d)\n", code, (int)code);
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_DEBUG
switch (code) {
case '\0': // Current key should be ignored.
return true;
case 'a': // Current key is a letter.
switch (sentence_state) {
case STATE_ABBREV:
case STATE_ENDING:
new_state = STATE_ABBREV;
break;
case STATE_PRIMED:
// This is the start of a sentence.
if (keycode != suppress_key) {
suppress_key = keycode;
set_oneshot_mods(MOD_BIT(KC_LSFT)); // Shift mod to capitalize.
new_state = STATE_WORD;
}
break;
default:
new_state = STATE_WORD;
}
break;
case '.': // Current key is sentence-ending punctuation.
switch (sentence_state) {
case STATE_WORD:
new_state = STATE_ENDING;
break;
default:
new_state = STATE_ABBREV;
}
break;
case ' ': // Current key is a space.
if (sentence_state == STATE_PRIMED ||
(sentence_state == STATE_ENDING
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
&& sentence_case_check_ending(key_buffer)
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
)) {
new_state = STATE_PRIMED;
suppress_key = KC_NO;
}
break;
case '\'': // Current key is a quote.
new_state = sentence_state;
break;
}
// Slide key_buffer and state_history buffers one element to the left.
// Optimization note: Using manual loops instead of memmove() here saved
// ~100 bytes on AVR.
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
for (int8_t i = 0; i < SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE - 1; ++i) {
key_buffer[i] = key_buffer[i + 1];
}
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
for (int8_t i = 0; i < STATE_HISTORY_SIZE - 1; ++i) {
state_history[i] = state_history[i + 1];
}
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
key_buffer[SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE - 1] = keycode;
if (new_state == STATE_ENDING && !sentence_case_check_ending(key_buffer)) {
#if defined SENTENCE_CASE_DEBUG
dprintf("Not a real ending.\n");
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_DEBUG
new_state = STATE_INIT;
}
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
state_history[STATE_HISTORY_SIZE - 1] = sentence_state;
set_sentence_state(new_state);
return true;
}
bool sentence_case_just_typed_P(const uint16_t* buffer, const uint16_t* pattern,
int8_t pattern_len) {
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
buffer += SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE - pattern_len;
for (int8_t i = 0; i < pattern_len; ++i) {
if (buffer[i] != pgm_read_word(pattern + i)) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
#else
return false;
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE > 1
}
__attribute__((weak)) bool sentence_case_check_ending(const uint16_t* buffer) {
#if SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE >= 5
// Don't consider the abbreviations "vs." and "etc." to end the sentence.
if (SENTENCE_CASE_JUST_TYPED(KC_SPC, KC_V, KC_S, KC_DOT) ||
SENTENCE_CASE_JUST_TYPED(KC_SPC, KC_E, KC_T, KC_C, KC_DOT)) {
return false; // Not a real sentence ending.
}
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE >= 5
return true; // Real sentence ending; capitalize next letter.
}
__attribute__((weak)) char sentence_case_press_user(uint16_t keycode,
keyrecord_t* record,
uint8_t mods) {
if ((mods & ~(MOD_MASK_SHIFT | MOD_BIT(KC_RALT))) == 0) {
const bool shifted = mods & MOD_MASK_SHIFT;
switch (keycode) {
case KC_A ... KC_Z:
return 'a'; // Letter key.
case KC_DOT: // . is punctuation, Shift . is a symbol (>)
return !shifted ? '.' : '#';
case KC_1:
case KC_SLSH:
return shifted ? '.' : '#';
case KC_EXLM:
case KC_QUES:
return '.';
case KC_2 ... KC_0: // 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
case KC_AT ... KC_RPRN: // @ # $ % ^ & * ( )
case KC_MINS ... KC_SCLN: // - = [ ] backslash ;
case KC_UNDS ... KC_COLN: // _ + { } | :
case KC_GRV:
case KC_COMM:
return '#'; // Symbol key.
case KC_SPC:
return ' '; // Space key.
case KC_QUOT:
return '\''; // Quote key.
}
}
// Otherwise clear Sentence Case to initial state.
sentence_case_clear();
return '\0';
}
__attribute__((weak)) void sentence_case_primed(bool primed) {}
#endif // NO_ACTION_ONESHOT

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// Copyright 2022-2025 Google LLC
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
/**
* @file sentence_case.h
* @brief Sentence Case community module: automatic sentence capitalization.
*
* This module automatically capitalizes the first letter of sentences, reducing
* the need to explicitly use shift. To use it, you simply type as usual but
* without shifting at the start of sentences. The feature detects when new
* sentences begin and capitalizes automatically.
*
* Sentence Case matches patterns like
*
* "a. a"
* "a. a"
* "a? a"
* "a!' 'a"
*
* but not
*
* "a... a"
* "a.a. a"
*
* Additionally by default, abbreviations "vs." and "etc." are exceptionally
* detected as not real sentence endings. You can use the callback
* `sentence_case_check_ending()` to define other exceptions.
*
* @note One-shot keys must be enabled.
*
* For full documentation, see
* <https://getreuer.info/posts/keyboards/sentence-case>
*/
#pragma once
#include "quantum.h"
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
// The size of the keycode buffer for `sentence_case_check_ending()`. It must be
// at least as large as the longest pattern checked. If less than 2, buffering
// is disabled and the callback is not called.
#ifndef SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE
#define SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE 8
#endif // SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE
void sentence_case_on(void); /**< Enables Sentence Case. */
void sentence_case_off(void); /**< Disables Sentence Case. */
void sentence_case_toggle(void); /**< Toggles Sentence Case. */
bool is_sentence_case_on(void); /**< Gets whether currently enabled. */
bool is_sentence_case_primed(void); /**< Whether currently primed. */
void sentence_case_clear(void); /**< Clears Sentence Case to initial state. */
/**
* Optional callback to indicate primed state.
*
* This callback gets called when Sentence Case changes to or from a "primed"
* state, useful to indicate with an LED or otherwise that the next letter typed
* will be capitalized.
*/
void sentence_case_primed(bool primed);
/**
* Optional callback to determine whether there is a real sentence ending.
*
* When a sentence-ending punctuation key is typed, this callback is called to
* determine whether it is a real sentence ending, meaning the first letter of
* the following word should be capitalized. For instance, abbreviations like
* "vs." are usually not real sentence endings. The input argument is a buffer
* of the last SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE keycodes. Returning true means it is a
* real sentence ending; returning false means it is not.
*
* The default implementation checks for the abbreviations "vs." and "etc.":
*
* bool sentence_case_check_ending(const uint16_t* buffer) {
* // Don't consider "vs." and "etc." to end the sentence.
* if (SENTENCE_CASE_JUST_TYPED(KC_SPC, KC_V, KC_S, KC_DOT) ||
* SENTENCE_CASE_JUST_TYPED(KC_SPC, KC_E, KC_T, KC_C, KC_DOT)) {
* return false; // Not a real sentence ending.
* }
* return true; // Real sentence ending; capitalize next letter.
* }
*
* @note This callback is used only if `SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE >= 2`.
* Otherwise it has no effect.
*
* @param buffer Buffer of the last `SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE` keycodes.
* @return whether there is a real sentence ending.
*/
bool sentence_case_check_ending(const uint16_t* buffer);
/**
* Macro to be used in `sentence_case_check_ending()`.
*
* Returns true if a given pattern of keys was just typed by comparing with the
* keycode buffer. This is useful for defining exceptions in
* `sentence_case_check_ending()`.
*
* For example, `SENTENCE_CASE_JUST_TYPED(KC_SPC, KC_V, KC_S, KC_DOT)` returns
* true if " vs." were the last four keys typed.
*
* @note The pattern must be no longer than `SENTENCE_CASE_BUFFER_SIZE`.
*/
#define SENTENCE_CASE_JUST_TYPED(...) \
({ \
static const uint16_t PROGMEM pattern[] = {__VA_ARGS__}; \
sentence_case_just_typed_P(buffer, pattern, \
sizeof(pattern) / sizeof(uint16_t)); \
})
bool sentence_case_just_typed_P(const uint16_t* buffer, const uint16_t* pattern,
int8_t pattern_len);
/**
* Optional callback defining which keys are letter, punctuation, etc.
*
* This callback may be useful if you type non-US letters or have customized the
* shift behavior of the punctuation keys. The return value tells Sentence Case
* how to interpret the key:
*
* 'a' Key is a letter, by default KC_A to KC_Z. If occurring at the start of
* a sentence, Sentence Case applies shift to capitalize it.
*
* '.' Key is sentence-ending punctuation. Default: . ? !
*
* '#' Key types a backspaceable character that isn't part of a word.
* Default includes - = [ ] ; ' , < > / _ + @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) { } digits
*
* ' ' Key is a space. Default: KC_SPC
*
* '\'' Key is a quote or double quote character. Default: KC_QUOT.
*
* '\0' Sentence Case should ignore this key.
*
* If a hotkey or navigation key is pressed (or another key that performs an
* action that backspace doesn't undo), then the callback should call
* `sentence_case_clear()` to clear the state and then return '\0'.
*
* The default callback is:
*
* char sentence_case_press_user(uint16_t keycode,
* keyrecord_t* record,
* uint8_t mods) {
* if ((mods & ~(MOD_MASK_SHIFT | MOD_BIT(KC_RALT))) == 0) {
* const bool shifted = mods & MOD_MASK_SHIFT;
* switch (keycode) {
* case KC_A ... KC_Z:
* return 'a'; // Letter key.
*
* case KC_DOT: // . is punctuation, Shift . is a symbol (>)
* return !shifted ? '.' : '#';
* case KC_1:
* case KC_SLSH:
* return shifted ? '.' : '#';
* case KC_EXLM:
* case KC_QUES:
* return '.';
* case KC_2 ... KC_0: // 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
* case KC_AT ... KC_RPRN: // @ # $ % ^ & * ( )
* case KC_MINS ... KC_SCLN: // - = [ ] backslash ;
* case KC_UNDS ... KC_COLN: // _ + { } | :
* case KC_GRV:
* case KC_COMM:
* return '#'; // Symbol key.
*
* case KC_SPC:
* return ' '; // Space key.
*
* case KC_QUOT:
* return '\''; // Quote key.
* }
* }
*
* // Otherwise clear Sentence Case to initial state.
* sentence_case_clear();
* return '\0';
* }
*
* To customize, copy the above function into your keymap and add/remove
* keycodes to the above cases.
*
* @param keycode Current keycode.
* @param record record_t for the current press event.
* @param mods equal to `get_mods() | get_weak_mods() | get_oneshot_mods()`
* @return char code 'a', '.', '#', ' ', or '\0' indicating how the key is to be
* interpreted as described above.
*/
char sentence_case_press_user(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t* record,
uint8_t mods);
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif