805 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
805 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
---
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weight: 4
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title: "Markdown 基本语法"
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date: 2019-12-01T21:57:40+08:00
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lastmod: 2020-01-01T16:45:40+08:00
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draft: false
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author: "Sunt Programator!"
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authorLink: "https://suntprogramator.dev/"
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description: "这篇文章展示了基本的 Markdown 语法和格式."
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resources:
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- name: "featured-image"
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src: "featured-image.png"
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tags: ["Markdown", "HTML"]
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categories: ["Markdown"]
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lightgallery: true
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---
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这篇文章提供了可以在 Hugo 的文章中使用的基本 Markdown 语法示例.
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<!--more-->
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{{< admonition >}}
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这篇文章借鉴了一篇很棒的[来自 Grav 的文章](http://learn.getgrav.org/content/markdown).
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如果你想了解 **CodeIT** 主题的扩展 Markdown 语法, 请阅读[扩展 Markdown 语法页面](../theme-documentation-content#extended-markdown-syntax).
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{{< /admonition >}}
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事实上, 编写 Web 内容很麻烦. [WYSIWYG]^(所见即所得) 编辑器帮助减轻了这一任务. 但通常会导致代码太糟, 或更糟糕的是, 网页也会很丑.
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没有通常伴随的所有复杂和丑陋的问题, **Markdown** 是一种更好的生成 **HTML** 内容的方式.
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一些主要好处是:
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1. Markdown 简单易学, 几乎没有多余的字符, 因此编写内容也更快.
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2. 用 Markdown 书写时出错的机会更少.
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3. 可以产生有效的 XHTML 输出.
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4. 将内容和视觉显示保持分开, 这样就不会打乱网站的外观.
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5. 可以在你喜欢的任何文本编辑器或 Markdown 应用程序中编写内容.
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6. Markdown 使用起来很有趣!
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John Gruber, Markdown 的作者如是说:
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> Markdown 格式的首要设计目标是更具可读性.
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> 最初的想法是 Markdown 格式的文档应当以纯文本形式发布,
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> 而不会看起来像被标签或格式说明所标记.
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> 虽然 Markdown 的语法受到几种现有的文本到 HTML 转换工具的影响,
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> 但 Markdown 语法的最大灵感来源是纯文本电子邮件的格式.
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>
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> {{< style "text-align: right;" >}}-- _John Gruber_{{< /style >}}
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话不多说, 我们来回顾一下 Markdown 的主要语法以及生成的 HTML 样式!
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{{< admonition tip >}}
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:(far fa-bookmark fa-fw): 将此页保存为书签,以备将来参考!
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{{< /admonition >}}
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## 1 标题
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从 `h2` 到 `h6` 的标题在每个级别上都加上一个 `#`:
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```markdown
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## h2 标题
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### h3 标题
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#### h4 标题
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##### h5 标题
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###### h6 标题
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```
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<h2>h2 标题</h2>
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<h3>h3 标题</h3>
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<h4>h4 标题</h4>
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<h5>h5 标题</h5>
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<h6>h6 标题</h6>
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```
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{{< admonition note "标题 ID" >}}
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要添加自定义标题 ID, 请在与标题相同的行中将自定义 ID 放在花括号中:
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```markdown
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### 一个很棒的标题 {#custom-id}
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```
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<h3 id="custom-id">一个很棒的标题</h3>
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```
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{{< /admonition >}}
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## 2 注释
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注释是和 HTML 兼容的:
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```html
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<!--
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这是一段注释
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-->
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```
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**不能**看到以下的注释:
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<!--
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这是一段注释
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-->
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## 3 水平线
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HTML 中的 `<hr>` 标签是用来在段落元素之间创建一个 "专题间隔" 的.
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使用 Markdown, 你可以用以下方式创建一个 `<hr>` 标签:
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- `___`: 三个连续的下划线
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- `---`: 三个连续的破折号
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- `***`: 三个连续的星号
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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---
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---
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---
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## 4 段落
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按照纯文本的方式书写段落, 纯文本在呈现的 HTML 中将用 `<p>`/`</p>` 标签包裹.
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如下段落:
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```markdown
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, graecis denique ei vel, at duo primis mandamus. Et legere ocurreret pri,
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animal tacimates complectitur ad cum. Cu eum inermis inimicus efficiendi. Labore officiis his ex,
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soluta officiis concludaturque ei qui, vide sensibus vim ad.
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```
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<p>
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, graecis denique ei vel, at duo primis mandamus. Et
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legere ocurreret pri, animal tacimates complectitur ad cum. Cu eum inermis
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inimicus efficiendi. Labore officiis his ex, soluta officiis concludaturque ei
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qui, vide sensibus vim ad.
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</p>
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```
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可以使用一个空白行进行**换行**.
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## 5 内联 HTML 元素
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如果你需要某个 HTML 标签 (带有一个类), 则可以简单地像这样使用:
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```html
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Markdown 格式的段落.
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<div class="class">这是 <b>HTML</b></div>
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Markdown 格式的段落.
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```
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## 6 强调
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### 加粗
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用于强调带有较粗字体的文本片段.
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以下文本片段会被 **渲染为粗体**.
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```markdown
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**渲染为粗体**
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**渲染为粗体**
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```
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<strong>渲染为粗体</strong>
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```
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### 斜体
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用于强调带有斜体的文本片段.
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以下文本片段被 _渲染为斜体_.
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```markdown
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_渲染为斜体_
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_渲染为斜体_
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```
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<em>渲染为斜体</em>
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```
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### 删除线
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按照 [[GFM]^(GitHub flavored Markdown)](https://github.github.com/gfm/) 你可以使用删除线.
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```markdown
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~~这段文本带有删除线.~~
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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~~这段文本带有删除线.~~
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<del>这段文本带有删除线.</del>
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```
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### 组合
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加粗, 斜体, 和删除线可以 组合使用.
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```markdown
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**_加粗和斜体_**
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~~**删除线和加粗**~~
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~~_删除线和斜体_~~
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~~**_加粗, 斜体和删除线_**~~
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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**_加粗和斜体_**
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~~**删除线和加粗**~~
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~~_删除线和斜体_~~
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~~**_加粗, 斜体和删除线_**~~
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<em><strong>加粗和斜体</strong></em>
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<del><strong>删除线和加粗</strong></del>
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<del><em>删除线和斜体</em></del>
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<del
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><em><strong>加粗, 斜体和删除线</strong></em></del
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>
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```
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## 7 引用
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用于在文档中引用其他来源的内容块.
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在要引用的任何文本之前添加 `>`:
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```markdown
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> **Fusion Drive** combines a hard drive with a flash storage (solid-state drive) and presents it as a single logical volume with the space of both drives combined.
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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> **Fusion Drive** combines a hard drive with a flash storage (solid-state drive) and presents it as a single logical volume with the space of both drives combined.
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<blockquote>
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<p>
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<strong>Fusion Drive</strong> combines a hard drive with a flash storage
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(solid-state drive) and presents it as a single logical volume with the
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space of both drives combined.
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</p>
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</blockquote>
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```
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引用也可以嵌套:
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```markdown
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> Donec massa lacus, ultricies a ullamcorper in, fermentum sed augue.
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> Nunc augue augue, aliquam non hendrerit ac, commodo vel nisi.
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>
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> > Sed adipiscing elit vitae augue consectetur a gravida nunc vehicula. Donec auctor
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> > odio non est accumsan facilisis. Aliquam id turpis in dolor tincidunt mollis ac eu diam.
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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> Donec massa lacus, ultricies a ullamcorper in, fermentum sed augue.
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> Nunc augue augue, aliquam non hendrerit ac, commodo vel nisi.
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>
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> > Sed adipiscing elit vitae augue consectetur a gravida nunc vehicula. Donec auctor
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> > odio non est accumsan facilisis. Aliquam id turpis in dolor tincidunt mollis ac eu diam.
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## 8 列表
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### 无序列表
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一系列项的列表, 其中项的顺序没有明显关系.
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你可以使用以下任何符号来表示无序列表中的项:
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```markdown
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- 一项内容
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* 一项内容
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- 一项内容
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```
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例如:
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```markdown
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- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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- Consectetur adipiscing elit
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- Integer molestie lorem at massa
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- Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
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- Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
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- Phasellus iaculis neque
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- Purus sodales ultricies
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- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
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- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
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- Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
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- Aenean sit amet erat nunc
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- Eget porttitor lorem
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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- Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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- Consectetur adipiscing elit
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- Integer molestie lorem at massa
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- Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
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- Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
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- Phasellus iaculis neque
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- Purus sodales ultricies
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- Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem
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- Ac tristique libero volutpat at
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- Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
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- Aenean sit amet erat nunc
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- Eget porttitor lorem
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<ul>
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<li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</li>
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<li>Consectetur adipiscing elit</li>
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<li>Integer molestie lorem at massa</li>
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<li>Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet</li>
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<li>
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Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
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<ul>
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<li>Phasellus iaculis neque</li>
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<li>Purus sodales ultricies</li>
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<li>Vestibulum laoreet porttitor sem</li>
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<li>Ac tristique libero volutpat at</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel</li>
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<li>Aenean sit amet erat nunc</li>
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<li>Eget porttitor lorem</li>
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</ul>
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```
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### 有序列表
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一系列项的列表, 其中项的顺序确实很重要.
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```markdown
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1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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2. Consectetur adipiscing elit
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3. Integer molestie lorem at massa
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4. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
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5. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
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6. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
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7. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
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8. Eget porttitor lorem
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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2. Consectetur adipiscing elit
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3. Integer molestie lorem at massa
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4. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
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5. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
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6. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
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7. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
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8. Eget porttitor lorem
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<ol>
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<li>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet</li>
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<li>Consectetur adipiscing elit</li>
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<li>Integer molestie lorem at massa</li>
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<li>Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet</li>
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<li>Nulla volutpat aliquam velit</li>
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<li>Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel</li>
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<li>Aenean sit amet erat nunc</li>
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<li>Eget porttitor lorem</li>
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</ol>
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```
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{{< admonition tip >}}
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如果你对每一项使用 `1.`, Markdown 将自动为每一项编号. 例如:
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```markdown
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1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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1. Consectetur adipiscing elit
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1. Integer molestie lorem at massa
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1. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
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1. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
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1. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
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1. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
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1. Eget porttitor lorem
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet
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1. Consectetur adipiscing elit
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1. Integer molestie lorem at massa
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1. Facilisis in pretium nisl aliquet
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1. Nulla volutpat aliquam velit
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1. Faucibus porta lacus fringilla vel
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1. Aenean sit amet erat nunc
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1. Eget porttitor lorem
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{{< /admonition >}}
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### 任务列表
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任务列表使你可以创建带有复选框的列表.
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要创建任务列表, 请在任务列表项之前添加破折号 (`-`) 和带有空格的方括号 (`[ ]`). 要选择一个复选框,请在方括号之间添加 x (`[x]`).
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```markdown
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- [x] Write the press release
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- [ ] Update the website
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- [ ] Contact the media
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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- [x] Write the press release
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- [ ] Update the website
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- [ ] Contact the media
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## 9 代码
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### 行内代码
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用 <code>`</code> 包装行内代码段.
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```markdown
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在这个例子中, `<section></section>` 会被包裹成 **代码**.
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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在这个例子中, `<section></section>` 会被包裹成 **代码**.
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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```html
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<p>
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在这个例子中, <code><section></section></code> 会被包裹成
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<strong>代码</strong>.
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</p>
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```
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### 缩进代码
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将几行代码缩进至少四个空格,例如:
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```markdown
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// Some comments
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line 1 of code
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line 2 of code
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line 3 of code
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```
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呈现的输出效果如下:
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// Some comments
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line 1 of code
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line 2 of code
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line 3 of code
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输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
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|
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```html
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<pre>
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<code>
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// Some comments
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line 1 of code
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line 2 of code
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line 3 of code
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</code>
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</pre>
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```
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### 围栏代码块
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|
||
使用 "围栏" <code>```</code> 来生成一段带有语言属性的代码块.
|
||
|
||
{{< highlight markdown >}}
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
Sample text here...
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{{< / highlight >}}
|
||
|
||
输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
|
||
|
||
```html
|
||
<pre language-html>
|
||
<code>Sample text here...</code>
|
||
</pre>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 语法高亮
|
||
|
||
[GFM]^(GitHub Flavored Markdown) 也支持语法高亮.
|
||
|
||
要激活它,只需在第一个代码 "围栏" 之后直接添加你要使用的语言的文件扩展名,
|
||
<code>```js</code>, 语法高亮显示将自动应用于渲染的 HTML 中.
|
||
|
||
例如, 在以下 JavaScript 代码中应用语法高亮:
|
||
|
||
{{< highlight markdown >}}
|
||
|
||
```js
|
||
grunt.initConfig({
|
||
assemble: {
|
||
options: {
|
||
assets: 'docs/assets',
|
||
data: 'src/data/*.{json,yml}',
|
||
helpers: 'src/custom-helpers.js',
|
||
partials: ['src/partials/**/*.{hbs,md}']
|
||
},
|
||
pages: {
|
||
options: {
|
||
layout: 'default.hbs'
|
||
},
|
||
files: {
|
||
'./': ['src/templates/pages/index.hbs']
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{{< / highlight >}}
|
||
|
||
呈现的输出效果如下:
|
||
|
||
```js
|
||
grunt.initConfig({
|
||
assemble: {
|
||
options: {
|
||
assets: 'docs/assets',
|
||
data: 'src/data/*.{json,yml}',
|
||
helpers: 'src/custom-helpers.js',
|
||
partials: ['src/partials/**/*.{hbs,md}']
|
||
},
|
||
pages: {
|
||
options: {
|
||
layout: 'default.hbs'
|
||
},
|
||
files: {
|
||
'./': ['src/templates/pages/index.hbs']
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
};
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{{< admonition >}}
|
||
**Hugo** 文档中的 [语法高亮页面](https://gohugo.io/content-management/syntax-highlighting/) 介绍了有关语法高亮的更多信息,
|
||
包括语法高亮的 shortcode.
|
||
{{< /admonition >}}
|
||
|
||
## 10 表格
|
||
|
||
通过在每个单元格之间添加竖线作为分隔线, 并在标题下添加一行破折号 (也由竖线分隔) 来创建表格. 注意, 竖线不需要垂直对齐.
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
| Option | Description |
|
||
| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
|
||
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
|
||
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
呈现的输出效果如下:
|
||
|
||
| Option | Description |
|
||
| ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|
||
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
|
||
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
|
||
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
|
||
|
||
输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
|
||
|
||
```html
|
||
<table>
|
||
<thead>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<th>Option</th>
|
||
<th>Description</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</thead>
|
||
<tbody>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>data</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into
|
||
templates.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>engine</td>
|
||
<td>
|
||
engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default.
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr>
|
||
<td>ext</td>
|
||
<td>extension to be used for dest files.</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</tbody>
|
||
</table>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{{< admonition note "文本右对齐或居中对齐" >}}
|
||
在任何标题下方的破折号右侧添加冒号将使该列的文本右对齐.
|
||
|
||
在任何标题下方的破折号两边添加冒号将使该列的对齐文本居中.
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
| Option | Description |
|
||
| :----: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
|
||
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
|
||
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
|
||
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
呈现的输出效果如下:
|
||
|
||
| Option | Description |
|
||
| :----: | ------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
|
||
| data | path to data files to supply the data that will be passed into templates. |
|
||
| engine | engine to be used for processing templates. Handlebars is the default. |
|
||
| ext | extension to be used for dest files. |
|
||
|
||
{{< /admonition >}}
|
||
|
||
## 11 链接 {#links}
|
||
|
||
### 基本链接
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
<https://assemble.io>
|
||
<contact@revolunet.com>
|
||
[Assemble](https://assemble.io)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
呈现的输出效果如下 (将鼠标悬停在链接上,没有提示):
|
||
|
||
<https://assemble.io>
|
||
|
||
<contact@revolunet.com>
|
||
|
||
[Assemble](https://assemble.io)
|
||
|
||
输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
|
||
|
||
```html
|
||
<a href="https://assemble.io">https://assemble.io</a>
|
||
<a href="mailto:contact@revolunet.com">contact@revolunet.com</a>
|
||
<a href="https://assemble.io">Assemble</a>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 添加一个标题
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
[Upstage](https://github.com/upstage/ "Visit Upstage!")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
呈现的输出效果如下 (将鼠标悬停在链接上,会有一行提示):
|
||
|
||
[Upstage](https://github.com/upstage/ "Visit Upstage!")
|
||
|
||
输出的 HTML 看起来像这样:
|
||
|
||
```html
|
||
<a href="https://github.com/upstage/" title="Visit Upstage!">Upstage</a>
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
### 定位标记
|
||
|
||
定位标记使你可以跳至同一页面上的指定锚点. 例如, 每个章节:
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
## Table of Contents
|
||
|
||
- [Chapter 1](#chapter-1)
|
||
- [Chapter 2](#chapter-2)
|
||
- [Chapter 3](#chapter-3)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
将跳转到这些部分:
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
## Chapter 1 <a id="chapter-1"></a>
|
||
|
||
Content for chapter one.
|
||
|
||
## Chapter 2 <a id="chapter-2"></a>
|
||
|
||
Content for chapter one.
|
||
|
||
## Chapter 3 <a id="chapter-3"></a>
|
||
|
||
Content for chapter one.
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
{{< admonition >}}
|
||
定位标记的位置几乎是任意的. 因为它们并不引人注目, 所以它们通常被放在同一行了.
|
||
{{< /admonition >}}
|
||
|
||
## 12 脚注
|
||
|
||
脚注使你可以添加注释和参考, 而不会使文档正文混乱.
|
||
当你创建脚注时, 会在添加脚注引用的位置出现带有链接的上标编号.
|
||
读者可以单击链接以跳至页面底部的脚注内容.
|
||
|
||
要创建脚注引用, 请在方括号中添加插入符号和标识符 (`[^1]`).
|
||
标识符可以是数字或单词, 但不能包含空格或制表符.
|
||
标识符仅将脚注引用与脚注本身相关联 - 在脚注输出中, 脚注按顺序编号.
|
||
|
||
在中括号内使用插入符号和数字以及用冒号和文本来添加脚注内容 (`[^1]:这是一段脚注`).
|
||
你不一定要在文档末尾添加脚注. 可以将它们放在除列表, 引用和表格等元素之外的任何位置.
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
这是一个数字脚注[^1].
|
||
这是一个带标签的脚注[^label]
|
||
|
||
[^1]: 这是一个数字脚注
|
||
[^label]: 这是一个带标签的脚注
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
这是一个数字脚注[^1].
|
||
|
||
这是一个带标签的脚注[^label]
|
||
|
||
[^1]: 这是一个数字脚注
|
||
[^label]: 这是一个带标签的脚注
|
||
|
||
## 13 图片
|
||
|
||
图片的语法与链接相似, 但包含一个在前面的感叹号.
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
![Minion](https://octodex.github.com/images/minion.png)
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Minion](https://octodex.github.com/images/minion.png)
|
||
|
||
或者:
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
![Alt text](https://octodex.github.com/images/stormtroopocat.jpg "The Stormtroopocat")
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Alt text](https://octodex.github.com/images/stormtroopocat.jpg "The Stormtroopocat")
|
||
|
||
像链接一样, 图片也具有脚注样式的语法:
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
![Alt text][id]
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
![Alt text][id]
|
||
|
||
稍后在文档中提供参考内容, 用来定义 URL 的位置:
|
||
|
||
```markdown
|
||
[id]: https://octodex.github.com/images/dojocat.jpg "The Dojocat"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
[id]: https://octodex.github.com/images/dojocat.jpg "The Dojocat"
|
||
|
||
{{< admonition tip >}}
|
||
**CodeIT** 主题提供了一个包含更多功能的 [图片的 shortcode](../theme-documentation-extended-shortcodes#image).
|
||
{{< /admonition >}}
|